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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none'>ROJEK, N.A., PARKER, M.W.,
CARTER, H.R. &amp; MCCHESNEY, G.J. 2007. Aircraft and vessel disturbances to
Common Murres at breeding colonies in central California, 1997-1999. <i>Marine
Ornithology</i><span style='font-style:normal'> 35: 61-69.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none'><b><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none'>From 1997 to 1999, we documented
aircraft disturbances of Common Murres <i>Uria aalge</i><span style='font-style:
normal'> at three central California breeding colonies: Castle-Hurricane Colony
Complex, Devil’s Slide Rock, and Point Reyes. Most disturbances occurred when
flyovers were </span><span style='mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'>≤</span> 305 m
above sea level. Helicopters tended to cause more disturbance than fixed-wing
aircraft, likely due to higher noise levels. At Castle-Hurricane, low aircraft
flyovers occurred 49% and 656% more frequently than at Devil’s Slide Rock and
Point Reyes, respectively. Flyovers also resulted in flushing of adult murres
more frequently at Castle-Hurricane (31% of flyovers) and Point Reyes (25%)
compared with Devil’s Slide (4%). Boat disturbance to murres also was
substantially higher at Castle-Hurricane than the other two colonies, resulting
in lost eggs and chicks. Most boat disturbance occurred when vessels approached
within 50 m of active nesting areas and remained in the area for extended
periods. The central California murre population declined extensively during
the 1980s due mainly to mortality from gillnet fishing and oil spills. While
numbers increased at most colonies in the 1990s, the Castle-Hurricane Colony
Complex only partly recovered to about half of pre-decline numbers by 1997.
While population impacts are difficult to measure, disturbance effects probably
are additive to impacts from continued mortality from gill-net fishing and
other factors that have led to slow recovery at this colony complex. <o:p></o:p></p>

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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none'>Key words:<b><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></b><span style='font-weight:normal'>Common
Murre, <i>Uria aalge</i></span>, central California, aircraft, vessel,
disturbance, alcid, colonial waterbirds, seabirds, Castle-Hurricane Colony
Complex, Devil’s Slide Rock, Point Reyes</p>

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