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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Balance, L.T.
2007. Understanding seabirds at sea: why and how? <i>Marine Ornithology </i></span><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>35: 127–135.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Studies of the
at-sea component of seabirds’ lives are essential to a comprehensive
understanding of seabirds, simply because so many species spend the vast majority
of their time at sea. At-sea data can be collected using data recorders and
remotely-transmitting devices, and from ships. The latter is usually
accomplished using strip transect methods, which quantify the number and
species identification of birds within a pre-determined distance from a ship as
it moves. A number of methodologic variations exist, but all include two
critical assumptions: that the strip width is accurately maintained, and that
all birds entering the strip are detected. These at-sea data provide insights
at a number of ecologic scales. At-sea data provide insights into the biology
of individual species (including distribution), the relationship between
distribution and physical and biologic characteristics of the ocean (often
termed species–habitat relationships), and abundance (particularly for species
that are difficult to census on colonies). At-sea data provide insights into
communities, including community composition (because seabird breeding
communities almost always differ from seabird feeding communities) and
interspecific interactions (particularly predation, competition and
commensalism). And at-sea data provide insights into oceanic ecosystems,
because seabirds have attributes (easy to detect and identify; wholly dependent
upon marine systems for food; highly mobile, thereby integrating ecosystems on
large spatial scales) that make them important as indicator species. A host of
threats, both direct and indirect, exist for seabirds at sea. Relevant to
direct threats, indirect threats tend to be poorly understood and are rarely
acknowledged. In particular, the dependence of seabirds on fish of high
commercial value or mammals subject to incidental mortality can be a
significant indirect threat that is rarely acknowledged in management of those
fish and mammal species. Because of the trans-habitat and trans-boundary nature
of seabirds (they breed on land, yet feed in the sea and pay no attention to
arbitrary political boundaries), the structure and function of many management
schemes is a poor fit with seabird conservation needs. Integrating
responsibility across agencies and countries is challenging. Seabirds provide a
potential role model for successful management of oceanic resources that can
provide a mechanism for conservation of other trans-habitat and transboundary
species.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><b>Keywords</b></span><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>: Seabirds at
sea, strip transect methods, abundance, distribution, species-habitat
relationships, community ecology, foraging ecology, ecosystem indicators,
seabird conservation, indirect effects</span><span lang=EN-CA style='font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

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