Menu

Volume 53, No. 2

Volumes > 38 (2010-->)

Volumes 28-37 (2000-09)

Volumes 18-27 (1990-99)

Volumes 5-17 (1978-89) a.k.a 'Cormorant'

Search by author or title:

Seasonal and spatial patterns of avian assemblages in the eastern Taiwan Strait: Implications for offshore wind farm development.


Authors

MEI-LING BAI, CHIA-HSIANG HUANG, & YU-YI LIEN*

Citation

Bai, M.-L., Huang, C.-H., & Lien, Y.-Y. (2025). Seasonal and spatial patterns of avian assemblages in the eastern Taiwan Strait: Implications for offshore wind farm development. Marine Ornithology 53(2), 383-392
http://doi.org/10.5038/2074-1235.53.2.1659

Received 13 February 2025, accepted 30 April 2025

Date Published: 2025/10/15
Date Online: 2025/10/07
Download PDF
Download Appendix 1
Download Appendix 2
Key words: bird assemblage, seabird ecology, migratory birds, offshore wind farms, seasonal variation, environmental impact assessment

Abstract

The eastern Taiwan Strait, a region situated along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway and currently undergoing rapid offshore wind energy development, remains poorly studied with respect to its seabird assemblages. Through intensive vessel-based transect surveys conducted between 2014 and 2021, this study documented 22,187 birds from 105 species across 10 orders and 29 families. Migratory non-seabirds accounted for 55.2% of individuals and dominated the species richness, highlighting the region's importance for migratory pathways. Seabird density was relatively low, however, consistent with trends in other tropical regions, and this pattern may also reflect both environmental degradation and methodological differences in density estimation. Seasonal variations in bird density and species richness exhibited bimodal peaks in spring and autumn, driven by migration, while winter abundances reached seasonal lows, likely due to adverse wind conditions. Spatial analyses revealed that distance from the coast was the primary factor structuring bird assemblages. The coastal zone was dominated by waterfowl and gulls, while offshore zones, both deep and shallow, were characterized by procellariiforms and sulids. These findings establish an essential baseline for evaluating the impacts of offshore wind farms, underscoring the need to incorporate migratory bird populations into environmental assessments.

References


Ainley, D. G., & Boekelheide, R. J. (1983). An ecological comparison of oceanic seabird communities of the South Pacific Ocean. Studies in Avian Biology, 6(1), Article 40. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/sab/vol6/iss1/40/

Alerstam, T. (2009). Flight by night or day? Optimal daily timing of bird migration. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 258(4), 530-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.01.020

Bai, M.-L., & Lien, Y.-Y. (2024). Estimating density of birds at sea with vessel line-transect in Taiwan waters. Taiwan Journal of Biodiversity, 26(1), 9-30. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=20766971-N202401260009-00002

Bai, M.-L., & Lien, Y.-Y. (2025). Spatial and temporal variation in the occurrence of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus/truncatus) in the eastern Taiwan Strait. [Manuscript submitted for publication].

Brabant, R., Vanermen, N., Stienen, E. W. M., & Degraer, S. (2015). Towards a cumulative collision risk assessment of local and migrating birds in North Sea offshore wind farms. Hydrobiologia, 756(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2224-2

Bureau of Energy. (2015). Directions for applying for offshore wind power planning sites. Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. (Taiwan). Retrieved September 20, 2025, from https://law.moea.gov.tw/LawContentSource.aspx?id=FL077309

Busch, M., & Garthe, S. (2016). Approaching population thresholds in presence of uncertainty: Assessing displacement of seabirds from offshore wind farms. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 56, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2015.08.007

Camphuysen, C. J., Fox, A. D., Leopold, M. F., & Petersen, I. K. (2004). Towards standardised seabirds at sea census techniques in connection with environmental impact assessments for offshore wind farms in the UK: A comparison of ship and aerial sampling methods for marine birds, and their applicability to offshore wind farm assessments [NIOZ report to COWRIE (BAM-02-2002)]. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2230.0244

Chen, W.-K., Chuang, S.-C., Wu, C.-C., Wu, C.-L., & Liu, K.-M. (2014). Seasonal differences of benthic community structure in the northern waters of Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Fisheries Research, 22(2), 1-11. https://en.tfrin.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_publication&sub_theme=journal&id=287

Cheng, K.-S., Ho, C.-Y., & Teng, J.-H. (2020). Wind characteristics in the Taiwan Strait: A case study of the first offshore wind farm in Taiwan. Energies, 13(24), Article 6492. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246492

Correia, E., Catry, P., Sinclair, F., dos Santos, Y., Robalo, J. I., Lima, C. S., & Granadeiro, J. P. (2021). Foraging behaviour and diet of Brown boobies Sula leucogaster from Tinhosas Islands, Gulf of Guinea. Marine Biology, 168(6), Article 91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03904-0

Dias, M. P., Martin, R., Pearmain, E. J., Burfield, I. J., Small, C., Phillips, R. A., Yates, O., Lascelles, B., Borboroglu, P. G., & Croxall, J. P. (2019). Threats to seabirds: A global assessment. Biological Conservation, 237, 525-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.033

Dias, M. P., Romero, J., Granadeiro, J. P., Catry, T., Pollet, I. L., & Catry, P. (2016). Distribution and at-sea activity of a nocturnal seabird, the Bulwer's petrel Bulweria bulwerii, during the incubation period. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 113, 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.03.006

Dokter, A. M., Liechti, F., Stark, H., Delobbe, L., Tabary, P., & Holleman, I. (2011). Bird migration flight altitudes studied by a network of operational weather radars. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 8(54), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0116

Fan, Z., Chen, C., Chen, S., Chan, S., & Lu, Y. (2011). Breeding seabirds along the Zhejiang coast: Diversity, distribution and conservation. Avian Research, 2(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.5122/cbirds.2011.0004

Fang, H.-F. (2014). Wind energy potential assessment for the offshore areas of Taiwan west coast and Penghu Archipelago. Renewable Energy, 67, 237-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.047

Fauchald, P., Ollus, V. M. S., Ballesteros, M., Breistøl, A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Molværsmyr, S., Tarroux, A., Systad, G. H., & Moe, B. (2024). Mapping seabird vulnerability to offshore wind farms in Norwegian waters. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, Article 1335224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1335224

Gabrielsen, G. W., Mehlum, F., & Nagy, K. A. (1987). Daily energy expenditure and energy utilization of free-ranging Black-legged Kittiwakes. The Condor, 89(1), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368766

Galparsoro, I., Menchaca, I., Garmendia, J. M., Borja, Á., Maldonado, A. D., Iglesias, G., & Bald, J. (2022). Reviewing the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms. npj Ocean Sustainability, 1, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-022-00003-5

Garthe, S., Markones, N., Hüppop, O., & Adler, S. (2009). Effects of hydrographic and meteorological factors on seasonal seabird abundance in the southern North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 391, 243-255. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08170

Garthe, S., Schwemmer, H., Peschko, V., Markones, N., Müller, S., Schwemmer, P., & Mercker, M. (2023). Large-scale effects of offshore wind farms on seabirds of high conservation concern. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 4779. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31601-z

Gibson, D., Riecke, T. V., Catlin, D. H., Hunt, K. L., Weithman, C. E., Koons, D. N., Karpanty, S. M., & Fraser, J. D. (2023). Climate change and commercial fishing practices codetermine survival of a long-lived seabird. Global Change Biology, 29(2), 324-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16482

Gilg, O., Moe, B., Hanssen, S. A., Schmidt, N. M., Sittler, B., Hansen, J., Reneerkens, J., Sabard, B., Chastel, O., Moreau, J., Phillips, R. A., Oudman, T., Biersma, E. M., Fenstad, A. A., Lang, J., & Bollache, L. (2013). Trans-equatorial migration routes, staging sites and wintering areas of a high-arctic avian predator: the Long-tailed Skua (Stercorarius longicaudus). PLOS One, 8(5), Article e64614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064614

Glennie, R., Buckland, S. T., & Thomas, L. (2015). The effect of animal movement on line transect estimates of abundance. PLOS One, 10(3), Article e0121333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121333

González-Solís, J., Felicísimo, A., Fox, J. W., Afanasyev, V., Kolbeinsson, Y., & Muñoz, J. (2009). Influence of sea surface winds on shearwater migration detours. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 391, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08128

Goyert, H. F., Gardner, B., Sollmann, R., Veit, R. R., Gilbert, A. T., Connelly, E. E., & Williams, K. A. (2016). Predicting the offshore distribution and abundance of marine birds with a hierarchical community distance sampling model. Ecological Applications, 26(6), 1797-1815. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1955.1

Hachisuka, M., & Udagawa, T. (1951). Contribution to the ornithology of Formosa. Part II. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 4, 1-180. https://doi.org/10.6532/QJTM.194909_4(1_2).0002

Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K. A., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F., d'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J. F., Casey, K. S., Ebert, C., Fox, H. E., Fujita, R., Heinemann, D., Lenihan, H. S., Madin, E. M. P., Perry, M. T., Selig, E. R., Spalding, M., Steneck, R., & Watson, R. (2008). A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 319(5865), 948-952. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149345

Hedd, A., Montevecchi, W. A., Otley, H., Phillips, R. A., & Fifield, D. A. (2012). Trans-equatorial migration and habitat use by sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus from the South Atlantic during the nonbreeding season. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 449, 277-290. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09538

Hedd, A., Pollet, I. L., Mauck, R. A., Burke, C. M., Mallory, M. L., McFarlane Tranquilla, L. A., Montevecchi, W. A., Robertson, G. J., Ronconi, R. A., Shutler, D., Wilhelm, S. I., & Burgess, N. M. (2018). Foraging areas, offshore habitat use, and colony overlap by incubating Leach's storm-petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa in the Northwest Atlantic. PLOS One, 13(5), Article e0194389. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194389

Hill, M. O., & Gauch, H. G., Jr. (1980). Detrended correspondence analysis: An improved ordination technique. Vegetatio, 42(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048870

Ho, C.-H., Lu, H.-J., He, J.-S., Lan, K.-W., & Chen, J.-L. (2016). Changes in patterns of seasonality shown by migratory fish under global warming: Evidence from catch data of Taiwan's coastal fisheries. Sustainability, 8(3), Article 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030273

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. F. (2010). The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems. Science, 328(5985), 1523-1528. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930

Hong, H., Chai, F., Zhang, C., Huang, B., Jiang, Y., & Hu, J. (2011). An overview of physical and biogeochemical processes and ecosystem dynamics in the Taiwan Strait. Continental Shelf Research, 31(6, Supplement), S3-S12. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.csr.2011.02.002

Hromádková, T., Pavel, V., Flousek, J., & Briedis, M. (2020). Seasonally specific responses to wind patterns and ocean productivity facilitate the longest animal migration on earth. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 638, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13274

Hsiao, P.-Y., Wu, Y.-L., Lan, K.-W., & Lee, L.-S. (2017). Seasonal variations of fishery resources structure of trammel nets in the coastal water of Changyuen Rise, Taiwan. Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan, 44(3), 171-183. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail/03794180-201709-201909240017-201909240017-171-183

Huang, Z., Zhou, X., Fang, W., Zhang, H., & Chen, X. (2021). Autumn migration routes and wintering areas of juvenile Chinese Egrets (Egretta eulophotes) revealed by GPS tracking. Avian Research, 12(1), Article 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-021-00297-y

Hung, C.-H., Chang, L.-N., Chiang, K.-K., & Yuan, H.-W. (2019). Trends in numbers of the Critically Endangered Chinese Crested Tern Thalasseus bernsteini and sympatrically nesting Greater Crested Tern T. bergii in the Matsu Archipelago, Taiwan. Bird Conservation International, 29(3), 386-399. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270918000369

Hüppop, O., Dierschke, J., Exo, K.-M., Fredrich, E., & Hill, R. (2006). Bird migration studies and potential collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Ibis, 148, 90-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00536.x

Hyrenbach, K. D., Veit, R. R., Weimerskirch, H., Metzl, N., & Hunt, G. L., Jr. (2007). Community structure across a large-scale ocean productivity gradient: Marine bird assemblages of the Southern Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 54(7), 1129-1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.05.002

Ju, P., Tian, Y., Chen, M., Yang, S., Liu, Y., Xing, Q., & Sun, P. (2020). Evaluating stock status of 16 commercial fish species in the coastal and offshore waters of Taiwan using the CMSY and BSM methods. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, Article 618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00618

Kölzsch, A., Müskens, G. J. D. M., Kruckenberg, H., Glazov, P., Weinzierl, R., Nolet, B. A., & Wikelski, M. (2016). Towards a new understanding of migration timing: Slower spring than autumn migration in geese reflects different decision rules for stopover use and departure. Oikos, 125(10), 1496-1507. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.03121

Kroodsma, D. A., Mayorga, J., Hochberg, T., Miller, N. A., Boerder, K., Ferretti, F., Wilson, A., Bergman, B., White, T. D., Block, B. A., Woods, P., Sullivan, B., Costello, C., & Block, B. A. (2018). Tracking the global footprint of fisheries. Science, 359(6378), 904-908. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao5646

Kubetzki, U., & Garthe, S. (2003). Distribution, diet and habitat selection by four sympatrically breeding gull species in the south-eastern North Sea. Marine Biology, 143, 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1036-5

Kuo, T.-C., Su, N.-J., Cheng, C.-C., Liu, K.-M., Chen, C.-S., Lu, H.-J., & Lee, M.-A. (2023). Commentary: Evaluating stock status of 16 commercial fish species in the coastal and offshore waters of Taiwan using the CMSY and BSM methods [General Commentary]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, Article 1152982. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1152982

Lee, M.-A., Lan, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-K., Lee, L.-S., Wang, Y.-C., Lin, J.-L., & Chuang, C.-C. (2018). Seasonal variation in fish assemblage of the small-scale gillnet fishery in the coastal waters of Chang-Yuen Rise, Taiwan. Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan, 45(3), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.29822/jfst.201809_45(3).0005

Lisovski, S., Gosbell, K., Hassell, C., & Minton, C. (2016). Tracking the full annual-cycle of the Great Knot, Calidris tenuirostris, a long-distance migratory shorebird of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. Wader Study, 123(3), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.18194/ws.00048

Masden, E. A., Haydon, D. T., Fox, A. D., & Furness, R. W. (2010). Barriers to movement: Modelling energetic costs of avoiding marine wind farms amongst breeding seabirds. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(7), 1085-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.01.016

Michael, P. E., Hixson, K. M., Gleason, J. S., Haney, J. C., Satgé, Y. G., & Jodice, P. G. R. (2023). Migration, breeding location, and seascape shape seabird assemblages in the northern Gulf of Mexico. PLOS One, 18(6), Article e0287316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287316

O'Hanlon, N. J., Thaxter, C. B., Burton, N. H. K., Grant, D., Clark, N. A., Clewley, G. D., Conway, G. J., Barber, L. J., McGill, R. A. R., & Nager, R. G. (2022). Habitat selection and specialisation of Herring Gulls during the non-breeding season. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, Article 816881. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.816881

Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O'Hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., Szoecs, E., Wagner, H., Barbour, M., Bedward, M., Bolker, B., Borcard, D., Borman, T., Carvalho, G., Chirico, M., De Caceres, M., . . . Weedon, J. (2025). vegan: Community Ecology Package (R package version 2.7-1) [Computer software]. Retrieved December 12, 2025, from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan

Paleczny, M., Hammill, E., Karpouzi, V., & Pauly, D. (2015). Population trend of the world's monitored seabirds, 1950-2010. PLOS One, 10(6), Article e0129342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129342

Parsons, M., Mitchell, I., Butler, A., Ratcliffe, N., Frederiksen, M., Foster, S., & Reid, J. B. (2008). Seabirds as indicators of the marine environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65(8), 1520-1526. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn155

Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Müller, S., Markones, N., Mercker, M., & Garthe, S. (2020). Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance: Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season. Marine Environmental Research, 162, Article 105157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105157

Rodríguez, A., Arcos, J. M., Bretagnolle, V., Dias, M. P., Holmes, N. D., Louzao, M., Provencher, J., Raine, A. F., Ramírez, F., Rodríguez, B., Ronconi, R. A., Taylor, R. S., Bonnaud, E., Borrelle, S. B., Cortés, V., Descamps, S., Friesen, V. L., Genovart, M., Hedd, A., . . . Chiaradia, A. (2019). Future directions in conservation research on petrels and shearwaters. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, Article 94. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00094

Rotger, A., Sola, A., Tavecchia, G., & Sanz-Aguilar, A. (2020). Foraging far from home: GPS-tracking of Mediterranean Storm-Petrels Hydrobates pelagicus melitensis reveals long-distance foraging movements. Ardeola, 68(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.13157/arla.68.1.2021.ra1

Schneider, S. R., Kramer, S. H., Bernstein, S. B., Terrill, S. B., Ainley, D. G., & Matzner, S. (2024). Autonomous thermal tracking reveals spatiotemporal patterns of seabird activity relevant to interactions with floating offshore wind facilities. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, Article 1346758. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1346758

Schwemmer, P., Mercker, M., Haecker, K., Kruckenberg, H., Kämpfer, S., Bocher, P., Fort, J., Jiguet, F., Franks, S., Elts, J., Marja, R., Piha, M., Rousseau, P., Pederson, R., Düttmann, H., Fartmann, T., & Garthe, S. (2023). Behavioral responses to offshore windfarms during migration of a declining shorebird species revealed by GPS-telemetry. Journal of Environmental Management, 342, Article 118131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118131

Severinghaus, L. L., Ding, T.-S., Fang, W.-H., Lin, W.-H., Tsai, M.-C., & Yen, C.-W. (2017). The avifauna of Taiwan. Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, R.O.C. (Taiwan).

Shimada, T., Chang, Y., & Lan, K.-W. (2016). Climatological features of surface winds blowing through the Taiwan Strait. International Journal of Climatology, 36(13), 4287-4296. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4631

Spear, L., Nur, N., & Ainley, D. G. (1992). Estimating absolute densities of flying seabirds using analyses of relative movement. The Auk, 109(2), 385-389. https://doi.org/10.2307/4088211

Spear, L. B., & Ainley, D. G. (1997). Flight speed of seabirds in relation to wind speed and direction. Ibis, 139(2), 234-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04621.x

Spear, L. B., Ainley, D. G., Hardesty, B. D., Howell, S. N. G., & Webb, S. W. (2004). Reducing biases affecting at-sea surveys of seabirds: Use of multiple observer teams. Marine Ornithology, 32(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.5038/2074-1235.32.2.616

Swartz, W., Sala, E., Tracey, S., Watson, R., & Pauly, D. (2010). The spatial expansion and ecological footprint of fisheries (1950 to present). PLOS One, 5(12), Article e15143. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015143

Tseng, H.-C., You, W.-L., Huang, W., Chung, C.-C., Tsai, A.-Y., Chen, T.-Y., Lan, K.-W., Gong, G.-C. (2020). Seasonal variations of marine environment and primary production in the Taiwan Strait. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, Article 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00038

Vanderwerf, E. A., Pierce, R. J., Gill, V. A., Wragg, G., Raust, P., & Tibbitts, T. L. (2006). Pelagic seabird surveys in the Tuamotu and Gambier archipelagos, French Polynesia. Marine Ornithology, 34(1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.5038/2074-1235.34.1.684

Yamaguchi, N., Hiraoka, E., Fujita, M., Hijikata, N., Ueta, M., Takagi, K., Konno, S., Okuyama, M., Watanabe, Y., Osa, Y., Morishita, E., Tokita, K., Umada, K., Fujita, G., & Higuchi, H. (2008). Spring migration routes of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) that winter in Japan, determined from satellite telemetry. Zoological Science, 25(9), 875-881. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.25.875

Yu, H.-S., & Chou, Y.-W. (2001). Physiographic and geological characteristics of shelves in north and west of Taiwan. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 44(8), 696-707. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907199

Yu, X., Fan, P., Wu, Y., Chang, Y., Jia, C., & Lei, F. (2022). GPS tracking data reveal the annual spatiotemporal movement patterns of Bridled Terns. Avian Research, 13, Article 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100065

Yuan, H.-W., & Ding, T.-S. (2021). Assessment of impact mitigation measures for protected seabirds in Taiwan. Ocean Conservation Administration, Ocean Affairs Council, R.O.C. (Taiwan).

Search by author or title:

Browse previous volumes:

Volumes > 38 (2010-->)

Volumes 28-37 (2000-09)

Volumes 18-27 (1990-99)

Volumes 5-17 (1978-89) a.k.a 'Cormorant'